Friday, September 07, 2012

Houzu: On Café Lumière


Before leaving my month of Hou Hsiao-hsien behind, I wanted to post a few shots I noted while rewatching his 2003 film Café Lumière for the They Shot Pictures podcast (and that the host of said podcast was so helpful in capturing for me since I foolishly returned the DVD before grabbing them).  The film was supposed to be one part of an anthology made to honor the 100th anniversary of Yasujiro Ozu's birth, but (according to the imdb) the other directors involved dropped out and so Hou expanded his part into a feature.  It's set in Tokyo and tells the story of a young woman (Yôko) whose parents want her to get married, a common enough Ozu situation.  The twist is that Yôko is pregnant and has absolutely no interest in marrying the father ("because he's too close to his mother" she gives as a particularly biting explanation to her own mother). The film very obliquely follows this crisis, barely articulating the girl's break from and then reconciliation with her parents.  While Ozu's films are full of people talking, often they end up saying more in the small spaces in-between their chatter.  Hou builds his film around those empty spaces, cutting the dialogue down to the barest essentials of small talk (the father in Café Lumière barely says a word (if he speaks at all) and the film's plot, such as it is, is related in about three or four lines of dialogue) and leaves us instead with the distilled essence of Ozu, with everything he leaves unsaid.  This approach is I think what J. Hoberman was getting at when he called it "an Ozu film in reverse—it's mainly ambience 'pillow shots,' with bits of narrative serving as punctuation."


Café Lumière also presented a stylistic challenge for Hou, in that he clearly wanted to pay homage to Ozu, but he also wanted to do more than simply copy another filmmaker's style.  There is no one in film history, at least not that I've encountered in mainstream narrative cinema, that has as idiosyncratic and identifiable style as Ozu, and as such, aping it would be pretty easy provided you've worked out all the rules (reading David Bordwell's book, heavily referenced in our They Shot Pictures Ozu episode, should help).  Instead of merely imitating, however, Hou melds some of the hallmarks of Ozu's style with his own, far less rigid aesthetic.  The result is neither an "Ozu" film or a typical Hou film: it's a Houzu film.

This melding can be seen right from the opening shot of Café Lumière, which shows Yôko in her apartment:


Compare this with a shot from the middle of Ozu's final film, 1962's An Autumn Afternoon, where we see the Chishu Ryu character's daughter-in-law Akiko in her apartment:


The rectangular compositions are extremely similar.  Both feature women looking out over balconies, backs to the camera with walls and windows delineating boxes and frames within the frame and with colorful bits of fabric breaking up the space.  With Ozu, the colors are more vibrant, as is the music.  Both are muted with Hou, befitting the muted nature of the film in general (if I remember correctly, there's no music in this scene, but the score in the rest of the film is a stark contrast to Ozu's usual aimlessly jaunty melodies).  This kind of composition is not unusual for Hou, such frontal squareness can be seen all the way back in The Boys from Fengkuei, his first "serious" film (there are some extreme instances of rectilinearly subdividing the frame to create ever smaller windows on the action in Summer at Grandpa's which we discussed on the Hou podcast), but by the 2000s Hou had adopted a much more fluid and flowing style.  The frames in Good Men, Good Women, Goodbye South Goodbye and Millennium Mambo (the three films he made prior to Café Lumière) are much more cluttered and chaotic, a tangle of deep focus arcs and curves and lumps and shadows.  As the scene continues, Hou's camera moves, a striking contrast to Ozu's style, which, by the time of An Autumn Afternoon was almost completely immobile (a small amount of camera movement was a part of Ozu's films consistently until his last five years or so, but the characterization of Ozu's style as static lingers nonetheless, partially a by-product of his editing style).  It doesn't move much, as I recall Yôko answers the phone and the camera wanders about more or less aimlessly, maintaining the same middle distance from the action, but it's enough to mark a break with the initial Ozuosity of the composition.


Probably the most explicitly Ozuvian shots in the film come a bit later, as Yôko returns to her parents' house for a visit.  We begin with a long immobile look through the house, and again the frame is divided by rectangles, this time not only as walls tunneling our sightline toward the in-deep-focus person in the distance, but also by open doors indicating that we are looking at three separate rooms, three planes of (potential) action: the kitchen in the far distance, the dining room in the middle and a living room closest to us and the camera.  Our eye is naturally drawn to the extreme distance where we see movement (the mom is cooking), so we barely register that there is another kind of door revealing a fourth spatial plane.


That is, until a car drives up (Yôko and her father have arrived), the movement again drawing our eye to the car's reflection in the glass of the open front door.  What once was three visual planes is now four.  This kind of tiny arithmetical game is exactly the kind of trick Ozu, the most numerological of filmmakers, would have played.  It also often provides the most whimsical element of a Hou film: the shocking reveal of detail that was there all along.  Hou does this not only in compositions (my favorite is in Goodbye, South Goodbye, where what I assume is a pile of dirty clothes clumped on the floor turns out to be a sleeping Annie Shizuka Inoh) but also in the construction of his narratives (as in The Puppetmaster, where we see a long passage chronicling the romance between Li Tienlu and a local prostitute, only to learn later that Li had had a wife and kids in another town the whole time).



Aside from the pleasurable, playful shock of recognition we get from seeing something that was already visible, the shot gives us a sense of the kind of 360 degree space that was an Ozu trademark and that Hou generally avoids: we are shown that not only is there depth into the screen before us, but also backwards, behind us.  Later in the film, we get a reverse shot of the same setup, completing the three-dimensionality of the space, this time with each plane occupied by a different person or object (mother, father, cat, car).  Reverse shots like this are an essential part of Ozu's visual style but extremely uncommon in the Hou films of this period, in which the camera tends to drift laterally in relation to the action it's depicting, usually with pans and tilts but occasionally tracking into the on-screen space.  Hou gives his space dimensionality through camera movement, whereas Ozu did it almost exclusively through framing and editing.

Monday, September 03, 2012

A Top 100 Films of All-Time List

This is the hypothetical Sight & Sound Top Ten list I came up with a couple of weeks ago, ranked in no particular order:


1. Seven Samurai (Akira Kurosawa, 1954)


2. Chungking Express (Wong Kar-wai, 1994)


3. Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (FW Murnau, 1927)


4. Casablanca (Michael Curtiz, 1942)


5. Pierrot le fou (Jean-Luc Godard, 1965)


6. Night of the Hunter (Charles Laughton, 1955)


7. La Commune (Paris 1871) (Peter Watkins, 2000)


8. Days of Heaven (Terrence Malick, 1948)


9. Rio Bravo (Howard Hawks, 1959)


10. The Red Shoes (Powell & Pressburger, 1948)


I think it's a nicely balanced list, but limiting to only ten films inevitably leaves a lot of gaps (no Hitchcock!, no Ozu!) and as such what it leaves out is almost as (if not more) interesting than what it includes.  With inclusiveness as the goal, my annual Labor Day Top Films of All-Time lists have gotten ridiculously long over the years (see last year's Top 1000, for example), but I think I need to find some kind of middle ground between ten and infinity and also something that acknowledges the inherent instability and incompleteness of all such lists (they can't ever end, they can't ever be finished, there's no way for them to ever be "right").  So, for this year's Top Films of All-Time list, I'm applying the Vishnevetsky Method, outlined in this article on the creation of Ignatiy Vishnevetsky's Sight & Sound Top Ten ballot.  It's essentially just creating a large list and then applying a random number generator to whittle a smaller list out of it.  I started with a list of 825 movies I think could plausibly carry the label of "Top 100 Film" and randomly selected 100 of them to form this year's list.  These are the results in the order they were generated, with no editing or juggling.


1. Ordet (Carl Theodor Dreyer, 1955)


2. Summer Hours (Olivier Assayas, 2008)


3. Pierrot le fou (Jean-Luc Godard, 1965)


4. The Tales of Hoffman (Powell & Pressburger, 1951)


5. High Sierra (Raoul Walsh, 1941)


6. Gojira (Ishiro Honda, 1954)


7. Hero (Zhang Yimou, 2002)


8. Kill Bill Vol. 2 (Quentin Tarantino, 2004)


9. A Farewell to Arms (Frank Borzage, 1932)


10. The Leopard (Luchino Visconti, 1963)


11. A Canterbury Tale (Powell & Pressburger, 1944)


12. Masque of the Red Death (Roger Corman, 1964)


13. The Godfather (Francis Ford Coppola, 1972)


14. The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (Joseph Sargent, 1974)


15. What's Up, Tiger Lily? (Woody Allen, 1966)


16. Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (Chantal Ackerman, 1975)


17. Seventh Heaven (Frank Borzage, 1927)


18. Thieves' Highway (Jules Dassin, 1949)


19. Twentieth Century (Howard Hawks, 1934)


20. My Girlfriend's Boyfriend (Eric Rohmer, 1987)


21. Night on Earth (Jim Jarmusch, 1991)


22. Double Indemnity (Billy Wilder, 1944)


23. He Walked By Night (Alfred Werker & Anthony Mann, 1948)


24. A Day in the Country (Jean Renoir, 1936)


25. King Kong (Cooper & Schoedsack, 1933)


26. Police Story (Jackie Chan, 1985)


27. Don't Go Breaking My Heart (Johnnie To, 2011)


28. Punch-Drunk Love (Paul Thomas Anderson, 2002)


29. Masculin féminin (Jean-Luc Godard, 1966)


30. The Man with a Movie Camera (Dziga Vertov, 1929)


31. The Band Wagon (Vincente Minnelli, 1953)


32. Bonjour tristesse (Otto Preminger, 1958)


33. Citizen Kane (Orson Welles, 1941)


34. The Tall T (Budd Boetticher, 1957)


35. Early Summer (Yasujiro Ozu, 1951)


36. The Long Goodbye (Robert Altman, 1973)


37. Nights of Cabiria (Federico Fellini, 1957)


38. Magnificent Obsession (Douglas Sirk, 1954)


39. Breathless (Jean-Luc Godard, 1960)


40. Amélie (Jean-Pierre Jeunet, 2001)


41. Senso (Luchino Visconti, 1954)


42. Thomas Mao (Zhu Wen, 2010)


43. The Clock (Vincente Minnelli, 1945)


44. Climates (Nuri Bilge Ceylan, 2006)


45. The Quiet Man (John Ford, 1952)


46. Hatari! (Howard Hawks, 1962)


47. Stella Dallas (King Vidor, 1937)


48. Fantastic Mr. Fox (Wes Anderson, 2009)


49. Jason and the Argonauts (Don Chaffey, 1963)


50. All About Eve (Joseph L. Mankiewicz, 1950)


51. Orphans of the Storm (DW Griffith, 1921)


52. Shock Corridor (Samuel Fuller, 1963)


53. LA Story (Mick Jackson, 1991)


54. Curse of the Demon (Jacques Tourneur, 1957)


55. Exiled (Johnnie To, 2006)


56. Band of Outsiders (Jean-Luc Godard, 1964)


57. Wagon Master (John Ford, 1950)


58. God of Gamblers (Wong Jing, 1989)


59. Flags of Our Fathers (Clint Eastwood, 2006)


60. Vertigo (Alfred Hitchcock, 1958)


61. Going My Way (Leo McCarey, 1944)


62. Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (Pedro Almodóvar, 1988)


63. 35 Shots of Rum (Claire Denis, 2008)


64. Pulp Fiction (Quentin Tarantino, 1994)


65. Millennium Mambo (Hou Hsiao-hsien, 2001)


66. Raise the Red Lantern (Zhang Yimou, 1991)


67. The Adventures of Robin Hood (Michael Curtiz, 1938)


68. The Most Dangerous Game (Pichel & Schoedsack, 1932)


69. It's Always Fair Weather (Donen & Kelly, 1955)


70. Ran (Akira Kurosawa, 1985)


71. Anchorman (Adam McKay, 2004)


72. Enter the Dragon (Robert Clouse, 1973)


73. 24 City (Jia Zhangke, 2008)


74. Un chien andalou (Luis Buñuel, 1929)


75. In the Mood for Love (Wong Kar-wai, 2000)


76. Bigger than Life (Nicholas Ray, 1956)


77. The Dawn Patrol (Howard Hawks, 1930)


78. Brief Encounter (David Lean, 1945)


79. Dragon Inn (King Hu, 1967)


80. Monsieur Verdoux (Charles Chaplin, 1947)


81. Zelig (Woody Allen, 1983)


82. A Brighter Summer Day (Edward Yang, 1991)


83. An American in Paris (Vincente Minnelli, 1951)


84. Airplane! (Zucker, Abrahams, Zucker, 1980)


85. Hell in the Pacific (John Boorman, 1968)


86. Some Came Running (Vincente Minnelli, 1958)


87. No Greater Glory (Frank Borzage, 1934)


88. The Big Red One (Samuel Fuller, 1980)


89. Slacker (Richard Linklater, 1991)


90. Under Capricorn (Alfred Hitchcock, 1949)


91. Ninotchka (Ernst Lubitsch, 1939)


92. Charulata (Satyajit Ray, 1964)


93. I'm Not There (Todd Haynes, 2007)


94. True Heart Susie (DW Griffith, 1919)


95. Ghostbusters (Ivan Reitman, 1984)


96. Killer of Sheep (Charles Burnett, 1979)


97. Oki's Movie (Hong Sangsoo, 2010)


98. Age of Consent (Michael Powell, 1969)


99. The Magnificent Ambersons (Orson Welles, 1942)


100. Mon oncle d'Amérique (Alain Resnais, 1980)